|
|
.
Ethnogenesis and genetic links
Main article: Genetic origins of the Turkish people
It is difficult to understand the complex cultural and demographic dynamics of the Turkic speaking groups that have shaped the Anatolian landscape for the last millennium.[116] During the Bronze Age the population of Anatolia expanded, reaching an estimated level of 12 million during the late Byzantine Empire period. Such a large pre-existing Anatolian population would have reduced the impact by the subsequent arrival of Turkic speaking groups from Seljuk Persia, whose ethno-linguistic roots could be traced back to the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea basin in Central Asia.[117][118] The Seljuk Turks were the main Turkic people who moved into Anatolia, starting from the Battle of Manzikert in 1071.[119][120] Around 1,000,000 Turkic migrants settled in Anatolia during the 12th and 13th centuries.[121]
The question of to what extent a gene flow from Central Asia, via Persia, to Anatolia has contributed to the current gene pool of the Turkish people, and the role of the 11th century invasion by Seljuk Turks, has been the subject of several studies. It is concluded that aboriginal Anatolian groups may have given rise to the present-day Turkish population. DNA analysis research studies suggest that the Anatolians do not significantly differ from other Mediterraneans, indicating that while the Seljuk Turks carried out a permanent territorial conquest with strong cultural, linguistic and religious significance, it is barely genetically detectable.[122]
Another significant flow into the present-day Turkish gene pool occurred during the Ottoman period, when large groups of non-Turks were culturally Turkicized through the Devshirme (Devşirme) system; including many of the leading Ottoman Grand Viziers such as Sokollu Mehmed Pasha and members of the Köprülü family. The famous Janissary (Yeniçeri) corps were entirely formed of non-Muslim children recruited at a very young age and raised with Turkish culture. Many Ottoman sultans (as well as other members of the Ottoman society) preferred to marry women from the European provinces of the empire, such as the famous sultanas Hürrem, Kösem, Nurbanu, Safiye and numerous others; and to a lesser extent with women from the Ottoman provinces in the Near East and North Africa. The naval battles between the Ottoman Empire and other European powers around the Mediterranean Sea also played an important role in large population exchanges (see, for instance, Uluç Ali Reis and Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha.) Central Intelligence Agency. "The World Factbook; Turkey". Retrieved 2009-03-25.
^ Helen Chapin Metz, ed. Turkey: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1995. Turks
^ Berlin-Institut. "Zur Lage der Integration in Deutschland". Retrieved 2009-07-24.
^ Deutsche Welle. "German Interior Minister Pledges to Improve Turkish Integration". Retrieved 2009-02-18.
^ Karpat, Kemal (2002). Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 6. ISBN 9789004121010.
^ Gulcan, Nilgun (2006-04-16). "Population of Turkish Diaspora".
^ Diplomatic Observer. "History is written by differences; differences make history". Retrieved 2008-07-17.
^ Hunter, Shireen (2002). Islam, Europe's Second Religion: The New Social, Cultural, and Political Landscape. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 6. ISBN 978-0275976088.
^ Todays ZAMAN. "Ankara Continues to Criticize Genocide Bill". Retrieved 2008-12-18.
^ Bill Park (2005). Turkey's Policy Towards Northern Iraq. Taylor & Francis. p. 36. ISBN 9780415382977.
^ Federation of Turkish Associations UK. "BRIEF HISTORY OF THE FEDERATION OF TURKISH ASSOCIATIONS IN UK". Retrieved 2008-12-19.
^ a b Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. "Immigration and Ethnicity: Turks". Retrieved 2008-07-09.
^ TURKISH SOCIETY OF ROCHESTER, NEW YORK. "About Turkish Society of Rochester". Retrieved 2008-12-19.
^ CBS StatLine. "Population by origin and generation, 1 January". Retrieved 2008-07-16.
^ Netherlands Info Services. "Dutch Queen Tells Turkey "First Steps Taken" On EU Membership Road". Retrieved 2008-12-16.
^ Dutch News. "Dutch Turks swindled, AFM to investigate". Retrieved 2008-12-16.
^ Nusfus Ayimi. "The press statement of Prime Minister Ferdi Sabit Soyer on the tentative results of 2006 population and housing census (5 May 2006)". Retrieved 2008-07-09.
^ Association of Turkish Cypriots Abroad. "ATCA news: National census held on 01/05/06 records a population of 264,172". Retrieved 2008-07-09.
^ Großer Türkenanteil in Österreich
^ Guardian. "Austria is not a racist country". Retrieved 2008-12-18.
^ King Baudouin Foundation. "Belgian-Turks A Bridge or a Breach between Turkey and the European Union?" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-12-26.
^ King Baudouin Foundation. "Turkish communities and the EU" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-12-26.
^ Sydney Morning Herald. "Old foes, new friends". Retrieved 2008-12-26.
^ Turkish Embassy AU. "Turkish National Day" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-12-26.
^ The Human Rights Watch. "Turks Of Western Thrace". Retrieved 2008-07-09.Getting
|
It is ok to contact this poster with commercial interests.
Tags: HIRE JUST LICENSED AND INSURED MOVERS. (CALL US NOW 818 220 8523)
|
|
