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In 619, Alexandria fell to the Sassanid Persians. Although the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius recovered it in 629, in 641 the Arabs under the general Amr ibn al-As captured it after a siege that lasted fourteen months.
Alexandria figured prominently in the military operations of Napoleon's expedition to Egypt in 1798. French troops stormed the city on 2 July 1798, and it remained in their hands until the arrival of a British expedition in 1801. The British won a considerable victory over the French at the Battle of Alexandria on 21 March 1801, following which they besieged the city, which fell to them on 2 September 1801. Mohammed Ali, the Ottoman Governor of Egypt, began rebuilding the city around 1810, and by 1850, Alexandria had returned to something akin to its former glory. In July 1882, the city came under bombardment from British naval forces and was occupied. In July 1954, the city was a target of an Israeli bombing campaign that later became known as the Lavon Affair. Only a few months later[when?], Alexandria's Mansheyya Square was the site of a failed assassination attempt on Gamal Abdel Nasser.[citation needed]
The most important battles and sieges of Alexandria include:[citation needed]
Siege of Alexandria (47 BC), Caesar's civil war
Battle of Alexandria (30 BC), Final War of the Roman Republic
Siege of Alexandria (619), Byzantine-Persian Wars
Battle of Alexandria, French Revolutionary Wars
Siege of Alexandria (1801), French Revolutionary Wars
Alexandria expedition of 1807, French Revolutionary Wars
[edit]Geography
[edit]Climate
Alexandria has an arid desert climate (Koppen climate classification BWh),[5] but the prevailing north wind, blowing across the Mediterranean, gives the city a different climate from the desert hinterland.[6] The city's climate shows Mediterranean (Csa) characteristics, namely mild, variably rainy winters and hot, dry summers which, at times, can be very humid. January and February are the coolest months with daily maximum temperatures typically ranging from 12°C (53°F) to 18°C (64°F). Alexandria experiences violent storms, rain and sometimes hail during the cooler months. July and August are the hottest and most humid months of the year with an average daily maximum temperature of 30°C (87°F). Autumn and spring are the ideal seasons to visit Alexandria, with temperatures averaging about 22°C (71°F).
[hide]Weather data for Alexandria
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 18.1
(65) 19.3
(67) 20.9
(70) 23.0
(73) 25.5
(78) 28.6
(83) 29.7
(85) 30.4
(87) 29.6
(85) 27.6
(82) 23.7
(75) 19.8
(68) 24.93
(77)
Daily mean °C (°F) 13.75
(57) 14.3
(58) 15.85
(61) 18.7
(66) 21.55
(71) 24.45
(76) 26.25
(79) 26.75
(80) 25.45
(78) 22.7
(73) 19.2
(67) 15.35
(60) 20.35
(69)
Average low °C (°F) 9.1
(48) 9.3
(49) 10.8
(51) 13.4
(56) 16.6
(62) 20.3
(69) 22.8
(73) 23.1
(74) 21.3
(70) 17.8
(64) 14.3
(58) 10.6
(51) 15.78
(60)
Precipitation mm (inches) 55.2
(2.17) 29.2
(1.15) 14.3
(0.56) 3.6
(0.14) 1.3
(0.05) 0.01
(0) 0.03
(0) 0.1
(0) 0.8
(0.03) 9.4
(0.37) 31.7
(1.25) 52.7
(2.07) 195.94
(7.71)
Avg. precipitation days 11.0 8.9 6.0 1.9 1.0 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.2 2.9 5.4 9.5 46.92
Source: World Meteorological Organization (UN)[7] 27-09-2009
Alexandria from space, March 1990
[edit]Layout of the ancient city
Greek Alexandria was divided into three regions:
Brucheum
the Royal or Greek quarter, forming the most magnificent portion of the city. In Roman times Brucheum was enlarged by the addition of an official quarter, making four regions in all. The city was laid out as a grid of parallel streets, each of which had an attendant subterranean canal;
The Jewish quarter
forming the northeast portion of the city; Getting
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